Securing Client/Server Transactions Essays -

Securing Client/Server Transactions Securing Client/Server Transactions Securing Client/Server Transactions The three basic ways that security is implemented in the area of client/server transaction. The first area is firewalls. The basic idea of a firewall to monitor traffic from a trusted network ( a companys internal network) to an untrusted network (such as the Internet). Firewalls fall into two categories, proxies and packet-filtering firewalls. Packet-filtering determines whether a packet is allowed or disallowed depending on the source of the packet and the contents of it. Packet-filtering also looks at the source and destination ports, and to determine if a packet is part of an ongoing conversation. An application-level firewall, better known as a proxy acts as an intermediary between the client and the server. The client application connects to the proxy. The proxy opens a connection to the server and passes information back and forth between the server and the client (refer to Figure 1.). Figure 1. Both firewalls have their advantages and disadvantages. In most cases both categories will be implemented on the same firewall. A packet-filtering firewall tends to be less secure than a proxy based firewall, since complete knowledge of the protocol is used by the application. However packet filtering can allow a concept known as masquerading. Masquerading is when the firewall takes the outgoing source address on the packets and converts the address so the receiver thinks they are talking to the firewall. The receivers packets will have its address on it coming back so the firewall can determine which sender gets the packet. The advantage of masquerading is that a companys internal network can be hidden behind the firewall. Another security implementation is encryption. Encryption is the process of modifying information so that it can not be read by anyone except the intended recipient. This is done by applying mathematical algorithms that require a key to unlock, or decrypt, the original data. Algorithms that use the same key to encrypt and decrypt data are known as symmetric encryption algorithms. Algorithms that use different keys to encrypt and decrypt data are known as asymmetric or public-key encryption algorithms. Encrypted data comes in two forms 40-bit and 128-bit. 40-bit encryption uses a 40 bits of space to encrypt data and 128 bits of space for the 128-bit form. The process of verifying the senders identity is known as authentication. Authentication can be performed with a user name and password, or with a piece of information known as a digital certificate. A digital certificate contains encryption parameters, which can be used to uniquely identify a user or a host system. Verifying that an external party has not modified data is known as integrity checking. Integrity checking is done by applying a mathematical algorithm, known as a hash, to data before its sent and computing the same hash when the data is received. If the two hashes map to the same result, then the data hasnt been modified. How do these areas affect client/server transaction? Client/server transaction deals with the everyday transactions that people engage in on the Internet. With each transaction, personal information is sent from client to vendor. The information has a tendency to be sensitive in nature and not something shared with anyone except the vendor. Such information may include social security numbers, credit card numbers, and possibly information for monthly bills (account numbers and balances specifically). Businesses have to save-guard their customers in order for their customers to feel secure in buying products and services from them. Businesses understand this importance. Some businesses and development groups have evolved from the need to make business transactions more secure on the Internet. In doing so, business presence has grown exponentially over the last decade. Commercials on TV tell business owners if they arent on the web, they wont survive. Programmers face difficult and exciting challenges in the areas of security for client/server transaction. One of the most popular languages used on the Internet is Java. Java runs on many different platforms, which makes it very versatile in Internet applications. JavaSoftTM has introduced the Java Commerce Client (JCC) framework. The JCC provides a secure, robust, and reliable platform that enables software vendors to write electronic commerce applications. With a framework, you focus on the application-specific

Bipolar Mental Disorder A Bio

Bipolar Mental Disorder A Bio Introduction First developed by George Engel, a cardiologist, biopsychosocial approach to bipolar mental disorder suggests that a number of factors are interlinked in respect to the cause, progress and promotion of the condition. According to the model, biological, social and psychological factors contribute to the disease.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Bipolar Mental Disorder: A Bio-Psychosocial Approach specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In simple terms, the model argues that the mind and body systems are interlinked ad interdependent, with similar factors affecting each of these aspects of human (Miklowitz, Richards, George, Frank, et al., 2010). The approach is a straightforward technique that attempts to provide intervention protocols from more than one perspective. In general, the approach includes pharmacotherapy, psychological and social intervention perspectives. In this context, a pharmacotherapy i s enhanced with active collaboration with the patient to determine the type of medications needed. It is also coupled with an adjunctive psychotherapy for enhancing illness adaptations, medical adherence, interpersonal relationships as well as job functioning. However, biopsychosocial approach involves recognition of the roles of stress within the course of outcomes. In addition, the psychosocial interventions have the potential to influence these processes in a positive manner. The purpose of this paper is to develop an in-depth review of literature in determining important findings about biopsychosocial approach to the condition. Pharmacotherapy: current and frequently prescribed medications Effectiveness In biopsychosocial, a number of biological aspects are linked to the cause and progression of the disease. Thus, biological approach to the disease involves application of pharmacological agents that target biological factors involved in the disease cause and progression. For exa mple, risperidone and olanzapine are chemical drugs used to treat patients whose conditions are â€Å"atypical antipsychotic† in nature. These drugs are administered in doses of 2-4mg/day and 15-20mg/day respectively. They tend to manage such symptoms as aggression, suicidal attempts and devastating consequences of impulsivity. Benzodiazepines are effective in calming manic problems, soothing anxiety as well as reducing insomnia.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to the American Psychiatric Association (2012), mood disability is one of the most common conditions in patients with bipolar mental disorder. Therefore, a pharmacological agent must be used to stabilize the patient’s moods. According to the American Psychiatric Association (2012), lithium is one of the most effective agents of mood stabilization. However, lithium has some side effects. Anticonvulsants such as carbamazepine, sodium valproate, lamotrigine and topiramate have been used to treat the condition since 1970s. According to Post, Ketter, Uhde and Ballenger (2007), Carbamazepine is important in managing manic episodes because there are some evidences that it effectively manages rapid-cycling disorder. However, it is less effective than lithium. In addition, it may lead to dependency. Sodium valproate is also effective in treating manic episodes, but it has side effects equal to those of carbamazepine. According to Geddes, Calabrese and Goodwin (2008), lamotrigine has some efficacy in managing depression, but other studies have shown that it has no benefit in patients with rapid cycling disorder. Possible side effects Despite their effectiveness, these pharmacological agents have a number of side effects, which limits their use in treating bipolar mental disorder. For example, benzodiazepines and other anticonvulsants work through sedating and muscle -relaxation actions. Thus, they cause dizziness, drowsiness and decline in the levels of alertness and brain concentration (Geddes, Calabrese Goodwin, 2008). Cognitive impairments may result from long-term use of these agents. Carbamazepine (Tegretol) has similar side effects. Lithium has a number of side effects such as hair loss, weakness of muscles, hand tremor, acne, reduced thyroid action, impaired memory, diarrhea and increased rate of urination. Psychotherapy Biopsychosocial approach emphasizes on psychotherapy to manage the condition. In simple terms, it involves a talk therapy in which patients work closely with therapists to discuss the condition and problems with an aim of learning new skills (Scott, Paykel, Morriss, Bentall et al., 2006). Patients are given an opportunity to talk about their experiences and gain insight into thinking processes that cause or contribute to depression and mood swings (Miklowitz, Richards, George, Frank, et al., 2010). In addition, they exp lore their previous experiences and their contributions to the condition. It also gives patients an opportunity to learn new skills in practically coping with the condition, which decreases the probability of developing depressive episodes in future (Moltz, 2003). Although psychotherapy is an effective intervention protocol in managing bipolar disorder, it is not a unified field because there are different methods involved (Miklowitz, Richards, George, Frank, et al., 2010).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Bipolar Mental Disorder: A Bio-Psychosocial Approach specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Psychotherapists apply several approaches and techniques. However, some major schools of thought dominate the field. According to Moltz (2003), family systems, psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral methods are common in the field. In addition, humanistic schools are sometimes effective, but to a lesser extent. Each of th ese methods has a perspective on the factors that cause bipolar disorder and the best way to solve these problems (Scott, Paykel, Morriss, Bentall et al., 2006). Nevertheless, all types of psychotherapy seek to provide patients with information about depression and help them understand, express as well as control moods and feelings in an effective manner (Moltz, 2003). In addition, they help them transform their negative perspectives and thoughts, behaviors, attitudes as well as relationships with other individuals (Moltz, 2003). Psychological and developmental issues related to origins of the disorder In biopsychosocial approach to bipolar mental disorder, biology, psychology and sociology are important fields in determining psychological and developmental issues that cause the condition (Moltz, 2003). From a psychological perspective, a number of theories have been developed to explain the cause and origins of the problem (Miklowitz, Richards, George, Frank, et al., 2010). In thes e theories, personality, interpersonal relationships and history of experiences are important factors. Psychodynamic models were developed in the early part of the 20th century. They ocused on interrelationships of the mind with mental, motivational forces and emotions (Moltz, 2003). These theories were based on the notion that the conscious and unconscious parts of the human mind may be in conflict with each other, which causes repression (Miklowitz, Richards, George, Frank, et al., 2010). An individual must resolve early developmental conflicts in order to cope with repression and achieve a stable mental condition. Inability to resolve these problems results into mental failure such as bipolar disorder. According to Moltz (2003), behavioral theory argues that dysfunctional behavior such as depression comes from human contact with the environment (through learning). This means that it can also be resolved through unlearning. Finally, the sociology of depression involves cultural co ntext in which the patients reside, grow or work (Miklowitz, Richards, George, Frank, et al., 2010). It also examines the social stressors that individuals experience in their lives. A branch of medicine known as ethnomedicine attempts to determine the causes of illnesses based on cultures and ethnicities (Moltz, 2003).Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It suggests that cultural and ethnic differences in people’s focus on themselves and individual place within the social and cultural hierarchy are linked to the cause, rate and progress of depression (Scott, Paykel, Morriss, Bentall et al., 2006). Both individualistic and collectivistic orientations of an individual to a given culture are important causes of depressions in humans (Scott, Paykel, Morriss, Bentall et al., 2006). Conclusion This review of literature indicates that biopsychosocial model is an effective technique of managing bipolar disorder because it approaches the condition from multiple directions. It includes pharmacotherapy, psychological and sociological dimensions. This implies that it attempts to treat the symptoms while also addressing the social, environmental and mental causes of the disease. References American Psychiatric Association. (2012). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. Gedd es, J. R., Calabrese, J. R., Goodwin, G. M. (2008). Lamotrigine for treatment of bipolar depression: Independent meta-analysis and meta-regression of individual patient data from five randomised trials. The British Journal of Psychiatry 194(1), 4–9 Miklowitz, D. J., Richards, J. A., George, E. L., Frank, E., et al. (2010). Integrated family and individual therapy for bipolar disorder: results of a treatment development study. J Clin Psychiatry, 64(2), 182-91. Moltz, D. A. (2003). Bipolar disorder and the family: An integrative model. Family process, 32(4), 409-423. Post, R. M., Ketter, T. A., Uhde, T., Ballenger, J. C. (2007). Thirty years of clinical experience with carbamazepine in the treatment of bipolar illness: Principles and practice. CNS Drugs 21(1), 47–71. Scott, J. A. N., Paykel, E., Morriss, R., Bentall, R., et al. (2006). Cognitive–behavioural therapy for severe and recurrent bipolar disorders Randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psy chiatry, 188(4), 313-320.

Choose any two of the following questions and submit a report on your Essay

Choose any two of the following questions and submit a report on your findings with special reference to G20 summit - Essay Example Some of the drivers that positively influence globalization include the growth of industrialization in other countries of the world which reduces costs, tariff and working capital. Decreasing government trade barriers have increased foreign direct investments much faster than the world outputs (Suk, Seung and Kenneth 2006). For these reasons major corporations are engaged in expansionary activities to outsource their operations abroad. For example Ford is an American based company. It is one of the big three motor companies in the US and used to be the source of livelihood for a significant portion of the US population. However, with the increase in global financing opportunities, Ford has diversified its products to sell its motor vehicles in Europe and Asia. As Europe has opened its consumer markets to the world Ford has capitalized on the ready market to sell its completely assembled cars in collaboration with local companies. However, as the global finance environment in parts of Asia improved and opened up to Western investors, Ford has gradually shifted production of automobiles in low cost country like in China. Investment in China not only reduces cost of operations and productions Global financing has thus become an important source for world trade and incentive for foreign investment as it allows multinational companies to increase shareholders wealth. However, there are risks associated with global investing. Unlike local investment, global investment is subject to political, financial and regulatory risks. In countries where political turmoil is apparent like those in France, India, China and Indonesia, investment in these countries pose great threats to exchange controls, confiscation of assets and changing corporate policies. Similarly, financial risks include the fluctuating exchange rates, tax laws, interest rates and inflation rates as well as balance of payments. Legal risks like differences in legal system, overlapping jurisdiction and

BUS503 - Org. Change and Transformation Mod 5 SLP Essay

BUS503 - Org. Change and Transformation Mod 5 SLP - Essay Example Companies that attempt a change fail because of the unexpected barriers so it is important to understand them. Though these leaders are not effective, they have been there a long time and they are well known by everyone. There will certainly be some individual contribution to putting up barriers to this part of the change. There will be disbelief, anger, and reluctance on the part of the employees. The board will be to initiate this change right away. They will have to establish a sense of urgency, assuring that the plan is fully defined and skillfully present the plan to the hospital. They will have to be sure to include all of the benefits this transition will bring to the hospital employees. Publicize any success that is possible right away (Jick & Peiperl, 2007) and try to separate the change from the past. There are both individual and structural barriers here. There will be a sense of loss of power to that management group that is left which is essentially an individual barrier. The mid level directors for example. This fear of loss of power will also cause a barrier to the change with managers dragging their feet and even manipulating to cause problems with the change. This will need to be handled right away not allowed to sit so it will not get out of hand. Bringing this group in ahead of time and showing them what the change could mean for them and for their staff will be very important. It will be important here also to establish a sense of urgency in convincing the management staff of this change. Incentives are a good thing to use in this instance assuring that both formal and informal leaders are on the side of the change. Complacency cannot be tolerated during this process and it is essential to assure that everyone is on the side of the change (Kotter, 2007). The board will need to continue to bring about this part of the change. Once the management and senior management group are aligned and the plan is organized

Leadership by Lee Cockrell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Leadership by Lee Cockrell - Essay Example The essay "Leadership by Lee Cockrell" analyzes the Lee Cockrell's smart decisions that led him to the success. Lee Cockrell has started his career as a banquet waiter at the Hilton and climbed the ladder of organizational leadership one by one. Before becoming the Vice President of Walt Disney, he worked in various positions such as beverage controller at the Waldorf-Astoria, a manager at Marriot etc. In other words, Lee Cockrell’s primary functional areas were service sector. Since he started his career from the lowest level, he knows the psychology of all types of employees. It should be noted that most of the current managers know nothing about the needs of the employees since they don’t have such working experience. Lee Cockrell had all types of experiences during his tenure of employments and therefore he knows the needs of the employees better than others. The three major challenges faced by Lee Cockrell in running Walt Disney were; keeping up with the changes happening in the service sector, risks developed by the replication of products and services and the increased competition in the service sector. Products and services can easily be replicated. So if your company’s competitive advantage is based on products and services alone, you are at risk. But if it’s based upon products, services, and quality service, then you’ll have a competitive advantage that’s very difficult to match. And you can get quality service only by creating a caring, respectful, people-cantered culture within your company.

Moral Panic Is Often Citated Criminology Essay

Moral Panic Is Often Citated Criminology Essay Moral panics are essentially but not necessarily media-nduced. the media is always a major contributing factor in exaggerating and distorting actual realities  [4]  . media often fail to portray the real cause of the problem. they fabricate- or contribute to the fabrication- of a scapegoat reason thus diverting the publics attention from the real cause of a problem  [5]  . the rock n roll scene was taking place alongside the drug culture which took place during the 1950s and the 1960s. the latter raised fears that that rock and roll pushes individuals towards promiscuity and anti-social behaviour while the latter promoted the anxiety that an entire generation would become drug crazed addicts  [6]  . Cocaine first appeared in the British dance scene in the late 1915s following the imposition of restrictions on legitimate entertainment to enhance the war effort. prostitutes at the West End were indeed a thriving hub of cocaine dealing with roots from North America as evidenced by the type of slang they used  [7]   In interviews with a prostitute in 1916  [8]  the use of slang to describe cocaine shows that this was an emerging subculture with American roots. With references such as London in the grip of cocaine craze and cocaine deadlier than bullets  [9]  , cocaine was well subjected into a moral panic with Canadian soldiers were in the epicentre. The government seemed to have jumped on the cocaine moral panic wagon, motivated by cocaines adverse effects it had on soldiers and the war effort. It transformed cocaine from a useful element of pharmacopoeia to a drug that dominated the British underground drug scene. The spasmodic reaction of Britons to cocaine, and future new drugs, such as the vicious cycle of banning and emergence of new legal highs, is associated to its inability to adapt to modernity  [10]  , the fear of letting go of the status-quo which provided for their current lifestyle, the human natures apprehension of the new along with its immediate correlation with devi ance, hostily, unfamiliarity. cocaines moral panic was strongly associated not with the pharmaceutical properties of the drug itself per se but with its delinquent use, users, the lifestyle it was associated with. moral panics are often not a response to the drug itself but its by-products. They rarely take place solely because of the pharmaceutical properties of a drug and its dangerousness With cocaine possession becoming a criminal offence , the drug itself transformed within 6 months  [11]  from a miracle into a menace. cocaine moral panic was revolved mostly around women. Britain was going through major transformations at the time, one of which was female emancipation. When the status quo is shaken in a nation, its sense of established morality is shaken. That is when a nation has to take either one of two steps. Engulf itself in a moral panic or transform. The former takes place when that country is unable to transform either because it is still not ready or because it is unwilling  [12]  . are moral panics a vehicle for transformation? Definitely. Are they a convenient, constructive vehicle or a damaging and and negative one? It depends on the proportionality between the real and the perceived threat. It depends on whether there is a genuine benefit for the wider public in tackling moral panics and restoring the status quo ante? It depends whether the new status quo is unalterable and the actual process itself of suppressing and harnessing an otherwise harmless moral panic would be akin to th rowing oil into a fire thus creating a vicious cycle. It is the trigger that rouses the government into action. The West End district of London was the heart of a polymorphic hedonistic scene. It was the progressive part of London. The multitude and diversity of hedonistic services meant that people from all walks of life would meet in a place much unlike its surroundings that were characterised for their conservatism. This is Britains first ever full blown drug panic  [13]  because of fears that cocaine was threating soldiery  [14]  . Cocaine was used as a suicide method by two actress sisters in 1901 who failed to reach success in the entertainment industry. The reason being that cocaine reached common people last. Those who were firstly accustomed to cocaine were the cleverest people.. Cocaine itself was not a threat to society. Its ideological by-products were the ones that fuelled the movement behind the drug; that soldiers using it were made incapable of fighting, prostitution was threatening white womens virtue, promoting foreign threat, hedonism and moral peril  [15]  . Establishing a link between use of cocaine or in fact any drug itself, its users and the public , is the lethal combination in not only forming the cocaine moral panic but also igniting it.. Mephedrone, a legal stimulant not as dangerous as other drugs, is a prime example of this; having created a sensational media panic in the last years. Government inaction will be applauded by the libertarians across the nation.. Letting go og prohibi tion would be aligned with libertarian beliefs. Nonetheless, use will increase and the fallout costs will be vast. It will affect communities, individuals, government debt will rise. Does the public have to pay additional taxes for medical care to users? Where will the governmntThe governments main purpose is to protect the public, even if it means that a minoritys rights will have to be restricted. Rastafarianss right to use cocaine for religious purposes  [16]  since freedom of religion is a qualified right but So is the right to property  [17]  (including capital which would undoubtedly be affected by high taxes in order to accommodate drug related fallbacks by the NHS). Freedoms are two sided. acid house inadvertedly affected people who were not part of the scene. Acid house was a test to Thathcers conservative government boundaries and authority. moral panics are not self contained scenes affecting a limited number of people, a single type of subculture or an ephemeral ideology.they are constant reminders and causes of change. A test of the boundaries of each government. an intersection of between politics, popular culture and the social order  [18]  . A moral panic is an ideal way for the government to present the need for security and policing as necessary and proportionate to the alleged threat  [19]  . this simulated threat allowed the police to introduced further video surveillance, compulsory identity cards- thus allowing a policeman to instantly retrieve information about an individual by a single scan of the card-, and electronic tagging -thus enabling selective curfew  [20]  . Acid House moral panics were dealt with, as many moral panics, disproportionately by the police. the bad publicity of the press demonises them. Are they dealt with that way because their harm is disproportionately inflated? If yes then the excessive force used by the police could be justified  [21]  . If anything else, the Acid House scene, is credited with a reduction of football hooliganism; the Summer of Love  [22]  which took off in 1988  [23]  , and at Manchester; the second summer of Love with its own dance scene; Madchester .. Acid House was perceived, unnecessarily and disproportionately, as a threat to the order and governance of Thatchers government  [24]  ,  [25]  . Disproportionality seems as a prevailing commonality element among moral panics  [26]  Perhaps the acid house itself had a self-destructive effect on the youth subculture and government stepped in to protect the subculture from dancing while taking ecstacy, an activity seen deviant enough to provoke a moral panic  [27]  . Acid House can be seen as the culmination of postwar moral panics  [28]  . Each one treated with the same apprehension by the press and the law. The clash of Acid House and Thatcherism might be due to the actual dangers posed by acid house subculture. Chaos, fear, robberies and disorder , escorted every acid house event that took place in the countryside  [29]  . parties often lacked the correct licences and falied to meet the safety regulations  [30]  . Labour government sought to better re gulate the parties rather than the full-on attack by the conservatives  [31]  to prevent acid houses from evoking the notion of the rampaging mob  [32]  . Perhaps if Labours approach has been adopted for the preceding moral panics, then the dance subculture would have followed a more regulated evolutionary process, from the west end area in London, to the now, national, dispersed dance scences. Moral panics test the liberal boundaries of each government. They are most often, if not always, a step ahead. They are a constant reminder for reform. Acid House was the cause for special laws directed towards the movement itself. It was a test for the liberalism of Thatcherism. Was acid house too deviant for Thatcherism or a result of too much liberal element in the political system and government of that period  [33]  ? the Sun and the Daily Mail were biased at best while more right wing papers  [34]  not only debated the subculture movment but at times celebrated it  [35]  . Throughout the twentieth century there has been a continuity of a common distinguishing feature among the various dance scenes that emerged  [36]  . From the jazz clubs in West End through Acid House, Rave and the Dance subcultures. It was the consumption of alcohol and/or illicit drugs  [37]  . While the Acid House scene did not pose any legitimate threat  [38]  , it nevertheless induced the formation of the Pay Party Unit in 1989 and the passing of the Entertainment (Increased Penalties) Act in 1990. This attitude not only led the movement underground but put it in the hands of criminals thus opening the gates the criminal elements  [39]  . Government response failed in its objective to suppress it. it paved the way for the modern, commercialised dance scene  [40]  . Ecstasy, the then drug of choice, fell in popularity only to give way to the rise of the use of Ketamine and GHB  [41]  . Total prohibition is uncreative. It is the equivalent of the governments legislation in respone to acid house. There are much more creative ways which include a combination of the right amount of criminalisatin and legalisationin order to achieve the right balance of regulation, which unavoidably would lead to an increase in use, but reducing the development of a black market. Heroin proved that moral panics can be contagious  [42]  . Heroin, a drug more powerful than morphine, had a low profile in the UK, unlike the US which saw it as a social evil. Criminalisation thus can occur without any internal moral panic taking place. Instead, it is enough that the moral panic takes place on a governmental, international, academic, political, level. the US was a staunch defender of prohibition on a global scale in an effort to establish itself as an influential global game changer. Turkey and Egypt defended prohibition due to Islamic law. Moral panics can be global. the US started going after cannabis with a great zeal which made other countries, including the UK falsely think they have a cannabis problem  [43]  . it is the same with anti-depressants.? Reducing supply and demand for illegal drugs has been a failed enevour by every government of the day. Scientific and sociological research are put into second place. Perhaps cutting the direct link between MPs and their constituencies would allow Parliament to be unaffected by any moral panics and enforce the right measures unaffected by public opinion. Governments reactive reaction to a moral panic results often in misguided classifications. A drug going through normalisation often escapes the cyclone of a moral panic and as a result the governments regulatory grip. Tobacco and alcohol are the causes of more deaths than all the other drugs combined  [44]  . prohibition does not work but instead leads the drugs underground whilst increasing their usage and reduces their purity. It is a well-known fact. Mephedrone is a prime example of that. Nonetheless, opponents of prohibition might argue that availability would increase use. Increased use would increase trying and long term use  [45]  . a multi-faceted approach is preferred over a blanket approach. In this light, the Drugs Misues Act was right in distinguisinh between three classes of drugs. Reactively and hastily responding to a moral panic such as mephedrones shows that moral panics justification depends on how the moral panic is handled by the government. The publics di scontent will come and go, but the governemnts actions are long lasting and permanent. It is unfortunate that governments actions are so dependent on disproportionate moral panics which are rarely proportionate to the real degree of harmfulness of a drug.. Ecstacy: a moral panic was created with the death of Leah Betts from ecstasy in November 1995. Ecstasy, a class A drug under the Drug Misuse Act has a death rate of about 27 per year. the famous Sorted: Just one ecstasy tablet took Leah Betts caption that escorted a picture showing Leah Betts in a comatose condition made sensational headlines. Nonetheless, water intoxication was a major contributing factor in her death . had she had taken the drug alone she might have survived  [46]  . This part of the story did not get as much publicity. Going against the current that a moral panic creates is counter intuitive. Relatives and supporters of the victims often acquire a serene, almost angel like authority  [47]  which makes it hard to go against. Heroins moral panic contributed in labeliing of ecstasy as a class A drug while legal drugs such as tobacco and alcohol reign free. This raises the question of how much should government interfere. Ecstasy is closely related to the mora l panic of the 90s and its rave scene  [48]  which were tackled by the 1994 Criminal Justice and Public Order Act. Ecsasy has some of the most loyal followers than most of the other drugs. Teenagers respond Similarly, many Class A drugs such as 4-MTA, LSD, heroin , and cocaine, dont even match the mortaliy rate of legal drugs such as tobacco and alcholol. The media always side with the anti-drug supporters in such a great extent that they distort facts and figures . having a default stance against any type of drug is portrayed as the right thing to do, by the media  [49]  . The involvement of the army gave the law a greater leverage in which respectable people were convicted  [50]  for supplying HM Soldiers with cocaine. Cocaine was more rare than the then veronal barbiturates but more ferocious  [51]  . It became the most common form of drug taking , after alcohol. DORA 40B drove the drug scene underground. It prohibited, for the first time the possession of , inter alias, cocaine, in Britain. War traumas that were responsible for the ignition of dance-dope workers whose lifestyle could only be maintained by them maintaining an energetic and vivacious mood throughout the night. Moral panic was made worse by the death of Billie Carleton. Whether this moral panic that culminated and made worse from this death is justified or not is not clear. Kohn claims that her death was not a direct result of cocaine overconsumption but her overuse of depressants in addition to cocaine  [52]  . It was only made worse by cocaine. this is often attributed to the increased responisbilites of women at that time that included, inter alias; working in factories for the war , driving ambulances and gaining the right to vote., kohn argues that cocaine simply opened the door to the emergence of the female psyche instead of actively adding to the whole menace. Carletons death brought the moral panic surrounding cocaine to its peak. Despite her death being attributed to the overdose of her doctor-prescribed drugs, the media focused on her use of cocaine. She was a poyldrug user.  [53]  Her death, the prohibition in the US, the death of the Yeoland Sisters in 1902, Freda Kempton in 1922, encouraged the British Government to legislate extensively against it  [54]  . there is a thin line separating an emerging moral panic from normalisation of a new drug that might be fueling the moral panic. Not criminalising a new substance in its early stages would significantly contribute to its normalisation. Criminalising legal highs would not reduce their use  [55]  . A new one appears every week  [56]  . placing them under temporary banning orders only encourages the development of new drug compounds  [57]  . The moral panic model described above is applied to many areas, inter alias; drugs, AIDS, street violence and youth crime  [58]  . Goode: The kneejerk reaction of the officials and the media to point the finger to the consumption of alchohol and the use of marijuana is a major contributing factor in associating drug use with crimes while lacking real evidence supporting their connection. Moral panics seem to engage the public in general to a greater extend that they should and an often result at the end is the passing of a law that often seeks to restrict or completely eliminate the devint behaviour. Moral panics are transicent  [59]  . the public convern regarding marijuana subsided in the 1940s the same way public convern about the prohition went away. Goode  [60]  notices that moral panics, albeit about sexual psychopathic laws, faded immediately after the passing of the relevant laws, which were nonetheless rarely applied. Perhaps a moral panic is seen by the public as a threat to the status quo of its way of living and an outcry for reforms that will ensure its survival. Goode distinguisehes the features o f a moral panic with a moral crusade. He describes the latter as promoted by activists who often lack rational and protectionist interests while descrbing the former as a product lacking a per se direct and proportionate association with the real magnitude of the threat. A moral crusade is created by activists, entrepreneurs  [61]  whereas the initiators of a moral panic might be in found in a different context, in terms of location and nature. It could be the unconscious by-product of activists, politicians, the media, and economic elites  [62]  . Cohen  [63]  identifies the main actors in a society whose reaction heavily influences and promotes a moral panic. First is the press with its exaggerate attention, exaggerated events, distortion and stereotyping  [64]  . Then its the reactive capacity and potential of the public to respond to simple raw material which will later escalate to a sensational issue. The zealous impatience of the law enforcement bodies in exercising their broad powers as demanded by the panic-crisis-scare  [65]  . Crack cocaine first emerged in the UK in 1983  [66]  . Methoxetamine Methoxetamine, a legal stimulant, used as an alternative to the banned ketamine- a class B drug- has been found in the bodies of two individuals in Leicersthire. It made the news in February 2012 and made a class B drug the next year. the ACMD pushed for crimilalisation of methexametine while acknolesging that there were no known deaths to date cause solely by its use  [67]  . Neither in the UK, in Europe nor in the rest of the world. Pushing an otherwise legal stimulant into the black market by criminalising it will harm the numbers of users who will have to face an unregulated methoxetamine of questionable purity. Despite being made illegal, it is now even more popular  [68]  . The ban has not only increased its popularity but does not deter club goers  [69]  from using it. In a study conducted by researchers at Lancaster University and Guys and St Thomas NHS foundation trust  [70]  it was found that mephedrone had surpassed all other drugs, with 27% of the gay club goers in the stud reporting that they either took it or intending to take it later that night. After being banned, a second study by the same researchers showed that the purity of the drug (mephedrone) has dropped while its price and popularity have risen despite reports that their popularity has been reduced. The sooner the government bans a drug, the sooner a new drug is invented and emerges  [71]  . This is the case especially with legal highs. the transitionary period until theyre put under the purview of the Drug Misuse Act is detrimental. People often confuse them as actually being legal forever. Often, legal is confused with safe, regulated and controlled. There are an infinite number of creating or better yet; altering the structure of an illegal drug, so as to make it legal. Barkham  [72]  suggests legalising safer drugs in order to prevent the need for alternatives. Moral pnics regarding legal highs can also be counter intuitively misdirecting the public. Calling them legal would help normalise the possibly dangerous drugs by the uninitiated members of the public and even legislators. In 2010, there were six deaths caused by mephedrone unlike cocaine which was the cause of 144 deaths. Following this, there was a media panic which prompted the control of mephedrone and related compounds under the Misuse of Drugs Act in April 2010  [73]  . Proving that mephedrone causes death is a difficult thing to do. Nonetheless, do the six deaths justify the media panic ? probably not. In addition to that, the six deaths related to mephedrone miht actually be more than a single digit figure since not all toxicology laboratories were able to recognise that substance  [74]  . Mephedrone is an amphetamine-type stimulant known for causing around one hundread deaths per year in the UK  [75]  which has been available since 2008. legal highs have been available for decades. Recent developments in social networking which facilitated the transition from closed markets to open markets made them more readily available to the public. Banning mephedrone under the settings of the Drug Misuse Act is controversial. Mephedroneis found to be more popular among clubbers even after its re-classification as a former legal high  [76]  . Even more popular than ectstacy and cocaine  [77]  , it has become, after being made illegal in april 2010, the clubbing scenes drug of choice  [78]  by being the fourth most popular drug in the UK  [79]  . It seems to have a loyal following which surprisingly did not switch to an alternative stimulant which was -still- legal. Users are willing to obtain it on the street if any other legal route was unavailable  [80]  . Mephedrone is now in the eye of the law. The moral panic that surrounded and still surrounds- the drug validly takes credit for bringing mephedrone under the purview of the Drugs Misuse Act. Do moral panics have an ultimate goal? Considering that they are an amalgatmation of the publics concerns which are reinforced and followed and even created by- media panics, successfully identifying a legit goal would be an elusive and difficult task. Whatever the goal is, stricter regulation of mephedrone, and any other drug seems to tone down moral panics. The rise of the use of mephedrone is owed partly to the increasing decrease of MDMA in ecstasy which pushes users to mephedrone which produces similar if not better experience  [8

The Difference Between Men and Women Essay -- Men Women Compare Contra

The Difference Between Men and Women When they say opposites attract, they aren’t kidding! The difference between fondness and loathing of girls and boys are exceptionally vivid and apparent. After watching â€Å"The Notebook† for the six hundredth time, with tears streaming down her face, a girl can finally declare it as being her favorite movie, and maybe even deem it as the best production ever created. The clichà © motives of the woman always seem to involve love and a knight in shining armor. Naturally, every woman dreams about Mr. Right, and falling head over heels in love. This is why females are so vulnerable to passionate films. â€Å"My heart melted when I saw him kiss her like that.† Stereotyped as the hopeless romantics, girls live to love and be loved. Girls want relationships. Girls enjoy corny love movies. This is somewhat of an escape route for the girls, knowing that in reality, the average guy isn’t interested in a relationship, or falling in love. But for the sake of women, in the hours of our mourning, why not take advantage of the blockbusters while their...

How to Do Strategic Analysis of a Company Essay

This article is about how to do strategic analysis of a company. Students get several homework and assignments related to how to do strategic analysis. This would be a good reference for students with their assignment and homework regarding strategic management. Strategic analysis of a company starts with analysis internal and external environment factors having an impact on business. A strategic analysis is also effective to determine opportunities and threats for the business within the market and also their strengths and weaknesses. Company Analysis: The company analysis is the first step to start the strategic analysis. A company analysis contains information related to history, existing environment and present perspective of the company. This analysis explores profile, growth, profitability, and culture that a company has at present time. At the same time, it includes future objectives of a business that are decided in the mission, vision, goals and objectives of the company that a company wants to achieve for long-term growth and sustainability in the industry. This stage helps to determine the strategic perspective of the business and also the relevancy of current strategies. SWOT Analysis: A clear goal and objective inspires to get competitive advantages that a company could obtain by analyzing its internal and external environment. SWOT analysis is an important part of the strategic analysis that contains internal and external environment analysis of the company. Information for strengths and weaknesses of the company determines internal assessment and opportunities and threats external assessment. In this step, analysts should make a proper matrix for internal and external elements that helps to make effective strategic decisions. Industry Analysis: The next step for strategic analysis is to perform industry analysis to determine existing level of competition in the market. This analysis provides a clear description of the industry in which company is operating. Additionally, it also states trends and strategic opportunities for a company within the industry. In this analysis, a company can analyze bargaining power of suppliers and customers, threats from new entrants and substitute of the company and rivalry among the existing companies that helps to make better strategic decisions to achieve competitive advantage. BCG Matrix: BCG matrix is another important element of the strategic analysis that determines portfolio of a business unit. BCG matrix plays an important role to ensure long-term value creation through determining two dimensions namely market share and market growth of the company. BCG matrix helps to understand the strategic mistakes of company and in making strategic for their reduction. It helps to determine the strategic position of the business within the industry. PEST Analysis: PEST analysis is also a useful tool for strategic analysis that provides big picture to understand the external environment in which a company is functioning. It provides several factors that may affect the internal and external environment of the. It helps in determining the strategic factors that should be considered by a firm in its international business environment. Thus, through these tools an organization could do strategic analysis and may frame better strategies.

Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps

Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps Take the women into the armed service, who then will do the cooking, the washing, the mending, the humble and homey tasks to which every woman has devoted herself? From the mouth of a man who was against women joining the Armed Forces of the United States during World Wars I (WWI) and II (WWII) (Monahan). In 1917, thousands of women served during World War I (WWI), constantly fighting a battle to become part of the United States Army, a battle they were not winning (Monahan).They were nursing, supporting and helping the military forces overseas, but they were not recognized. During that time period many Army Officers put formal requests into the War Department to allow the recruitment and enlistment of women, trying to create a bill to establish a Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC). Secretary of War, Newton D. Baker, disagreed with this suggestion of a bill and the requests to establish a women’s service corps within the U. S. Army ( Monahan).After the war was over the push for a WAAC was forgotten, out of sight out of mind, until World War II. The basis of the WAAC was to allow women into the Army and to try to create an equal environment for men and women from which the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence says we are built upon. When WWII kicked off women were not considered part of the Army, but they were allowed to help with many different roles. This time period posed many opportunities for American women, both domestically as well as roles they could play in the war.A big issue that dominated women’s lives during this period was how to combine home-life with the new demands of the war economy in the public’s eyes. Women had made a few gains between WWI and WWII in the military in terms of the political influence; female workers were utilized for short-term gains during the war, with a long-term goal of seeing women return to the domestic sphere and reinforcing traditional gender roles (Crockrord).Women who chose to help the military in times of war had to obtain their own food and quarters, they had no legal protection or medical care and most importantly they were not entitled to any type of disability benefits or pensions the Veterans were entitled to (Holm). Congresswoman, Edith Nourse Rogers of Massachusetts was determined to change this, she introduced a bill on May 28, 1941, to establish a Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps, and the bill eventually succeeded because there was no hint of full status for women; which meant women would be ecognized as supporting the Army but they would still not be a part of the Army (Holm). She felt women and men should have the same benefits and should be treated equally. When the final bill for the WAAC was presented both sides had to compromise, the women and the men’s side serving in the military (Bellafaire). The bill passed, and the bill passing meant that women would be allowed to serve with the Army but they still would not receive the same pay or promotions and lot of the benefits that the men received. They did however receive food, uniforms, living quarters, minimal pay and medical care.There was also a lot of focus on preventing women from attaining high rank and on placing women in positions where they could give orders to men (Bellafaire). For example, although the duties of a WAAC first officer were comparable to those of a male captain, she received pay equivalent to that of a male first lieutenant (Bellafaire). Unfortunately, there were still many things that women had to overcome serving with the military. Men constantly criticized female soldiers, saying that they needed to be home with their family and community.They didn’t want a change and women in the military represented just that. The Office of Censorship ran a pole and discovered 84 percent of soldiers’ letters mentioning the WAAC were unfavorable (Bellafaire). They were questioning the moral values of women attracted to the military service and passed these beliefs to their families at home (Bellafaire). One of the biggest challenges that were faced with the WAAC was the rumors. Most of the rumors were started because they many were trying to force women back to â€Å"their domestic lifestyles† (Bellafaire).Many men started to say women of the WAAC were pregnant or were prostitutes; the women were often returned home based on the rumors and not factual evidence (Bellafaire). One story that was told was that any soldier seen dating a WAAC would be seized by Army authorities and provided with medical treatment (Bellafaire). Though there were many rumors about the WAAC and they were under serious scrutiny, Congress opened a hearing in March 1943 on the conversion of the WAAC into the Regular Army, hoping that it would help to mitigate the rumors and help the women become more of an integral part of the Army (Holm).Army leaders asked for the authority to convert the WAAC in to the Women’s Army Corps, which would be part of the Army itself rather than merely serving with it (Holm). On July 3, 1943 the WAC was signed into law and all WAAC’s were given the choice of joining the Army as a member of the WAC or returning to civilian life. Many decided to join, 25 percent decided to leave the service (Bellafaire). Women in the military have been an instrumental part of our history. The WAAC was the first step for them becoming part of the military.Looking at the bigger picture, whether women were a part of the WAAC, the WAC or just the plain old Army today there will always be a place for women. Even in today’s world women constantly have to fight for their roles and to prove themselves. The Declaration of Independents states, we hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal (Jefferson), â€Å"men† is all people, including women. It is always a constant battle for equality, the WAAC was a positive step in tha t direction and it has only gotten better. Works CitedBellafaire, Judith. â€Å"The Women’s Army Corps: A Commemoration of World War II Service. † www. history. army. mil/brochures/WAC/WAC. htm. CHM Publication, 17 Feb. 2005. Web. 29 June 2012. Crockrord, Vanessa. â€Å"Oveta Culp Hobby and Her â€Å"Lieutenants† Transformational Leadership in Action in the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps of World War II. † Dissertation. 2003. Electronic. 29 June 2012. Holm, Jeanne. Women in the Military: An Unfinished Revolution. Novato: Presidio Press, 1982. Print. Monahan, Evelyn. A Few Good Women. New York: Random House, 2010. Print.

To what extent was Austrian and Russian rivalry in Essays

To what extent was Austrian and Russian rivalry in Essays To what extent was Austrian and Russian rivalry in the Balkans to blame for the outbreak of the First World War? Austro Russian rivalry in the Balkans only partly explains the reasons for the European conflict of 1914. It is true that they had been in conflict here before in the Balkan Crisis of 1908 and Russia was keen to avenge the humiliation. However neither side sought to escalate this to a wider crisis and wanted any conflict to be localised to the Balkans. Their local conflict was hijacked by the German Empire who sought to turn it into a much greater conflict that would involve a war with Russia and its ally France. Therefore the most convincing argument about the causes of WWI lie in an analysis of Germany's actions and less so with Russia and Austria. Austria Hungary saw itself as the natural successor to the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans. To Franz Josef, the Balkans was an easy option to exploit. However amongst the many peoples of this region there was an aggressive and ambitious group who embraced Slavic nationalism and wished to assert Serbian independence from any imperial power but notably Austria Hungary by the turn of the 20th century. These nationalists had a much more in common with Russia who was equally interested in extending its interest in the Balkan region because of recent humiliations e.g. Russo Japanese war and for warm water ports in the Mediterranean. You should add examples of: Conflicts between Austria and Russia in the Balkans in 1908 Balkan Wars 1912, 1913 Assassination of archduke Franz Ferdinand However these factors explain why a local conflict happened in 1914. They are less important in why it became a European wide conflict. Europe had been a cauldron of tension and rivalry for decades and the prospect of a European war had been the subject of much debate. You should explain how the following created such tensions and rivalry Anglo German Naval Race Weltpolitik, German militarism, the personal role of the Kaiser, military plans, the Fischer thesis. the role of the alliance system domestic problems Imperial Rivalry in Africa - Moroccan Crisis These factors help to explain why so many major powers were hostile in 1914 but it again it does not explain why it boiled over into full scale European War in 1914. The events of July Crisis 1914 were much more significant in turning this regional crisis into a European wide conflict. Germany saw an opportunity to fulfil its long term ambitions of dominating Europe. It realised that a war sooner rather than later was in Germany's best interests and encouraged Austria to make a bold stand against Serbia over the assassination of the Archduke. Germany knew it would draw Russia and France into war. The Schlieffen Plan would then be put into action. The Kaiser and German military were highly confident GB would not get involved and that victory would be swift. Austrian Ulitmatum, Blank Cheque Moltke Memo and Bethmann Hollwegg German Mobilisation Kaisers gamble over GB - contemptible little army' scrap of paper' Austria was manipulated by Germany into its aggressive action in the Balkans. Russia on the other hand tried very hard to stop the war escalating as the telegram exchanges between the Kaiser and the Tsar show, although it is worth pointing out that the Russian generals were encouraging the Tsar to fight. By July 30th 1914 war in Europe between most of the major powers was inevitable. Germany wanted it and engineered it. As hard as GB, and the Foreign Secretary Edward Grey, had worked to avoid war, after this date GB had no option but to go to war or else risk the permanent balance of power in Europe shifting in Germany's favour. Every major port in Europe would be under German control. This was unacceptable to this island nation as GB's Empire and economic interests would be at risk. Although it may appear that the long term causes of tension simply bubbled over into war in 1914 as Lloyd George claimed in the 1930's, it was not inevitable until Germany began to manipulate the regional crisis in the Balkans between Austria and Russia. The German military knew that if war was delayed any longer then the Russian and French forces

Essential Equipments in the Healthcare of Patients Essay

Essential Equipments in the Healthcare of Patients - Essay Example According to the paper the type of questionnaire to be used showed consist of direct questions relevant to the study topic. The questionnaire is supposed to clearly tally views and bring about a reasonable argument at the end of the study period. The study should be able to capture a multitude of observation and present results that can be use even in future analysis as it examine trends that are used to predict the future this is in respect to patients and their spiritual beliefs as well as perceptions.This study discusses that some of the people the author of the report interviewed were not comfortable with the questions that the reporter asked them. Patients who are ignorant and do not have any ideas on the importance of spiritual beliefs are supposed to be included in the study as it stipulates the challenges facing patients in relation to spiritual beliefs. The challenges encountered in my study in this case include: lack of knowledge in the benefits of keeping a spiritual histo ry. Lack of adequate time in the analysis was an issue. Finally, misunderstanding of questions in the study. The result of these challenges is, the data provided is not 100% of actual truth. Majority of the people, roughly 96%, felt the importance of spiritual health. The lack of experience and knowledge in spiritual history was one of the major barriers to the study.  Spiritual assessment tools are essential equipments in the healthcare of patients. They help to cope with stress and illness as they are used in their recognition.

Hello Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hello - Essay Example This fact is proven by the high rates of negative outcomes for patients as well as the percentage of the population that could not afford to purchase insurance plans. Several public opinion polls have indicated that the general public is overwhelmingly in support of a nationalized health-care system, meaning that healthcare should come under the domain of the government, away from private corporations. But, in spite of this unanimous support for a universal healthcare system (that includes universal insurance), the issue never crops up during presidential debates. The limitations of the two-party democratic system are also being exposed as a result. Both the Democratic Party and the Republican Party are funded by private corporations during election campaigns, the health-insurance lobby being one of the major contributors to campaign funds. Given such a setup, it is only natural that the public opinion is suppressed or ignored in favor of the vested private interests. Some intellectuals argue that the United States lags behind other industrialized nations in its health-care system, due to its Capitalist economy, which puts corporate profits ahead of public interest. The Scandinavian countries of Sweden, Norway and Denmark are recognized to have the best universal healthcare systems in place. Although the GDP and per capita incomes of these nations are relatively small, the â€Å"socialist† basis of their political systems has ensured this favorable condition. Also, in these countries the mainstream media is not heavily concentrated in the hands of a few giant corporations, which is the case in America. This makes it easy for the real public opinion to be openly discussed and debated. More importantly, it is in the democratic tradition of these nations to include public sentiments and opinions in the debates leading up to elections. But unfortunately, such open expression of public sentiment is not possible in the American mainstream